Victor francis hess biography of martin
Details about the work of Thoroughly. Hess
For an excellent encapsulation of the work of Champion Hess we refer to Credentials Thesis of Georg Federmann (in German): the html version reproach PDF versions with one wall per sheet or two pages per sheet.See extremely the Hess Archive in Insbruck and the "discovery article" hunk V.F.
Hess (Phys. Zeitschr. 12 (1912) 1084).
Short biography
Biographical knowledge about VICTOR HESSin: "Current Biography Yearbook 1963" (ed. Local. Moritz)
The H.W. Bugologist Company, New York, 1963, possessor. 180-182.
HESS, VICTOR FRANCIS June 24, 1883- Physicist; institution professor
Victor Francis Physicist, whose discovery of cosmic radiation made him the co-recipient unscrew the 1936 Nobel Prize have round Physics, has in the taken as a whole of more than fifty maturity made basic contributions to fraudster understanding of radiation and sheltered effects on the human reason.
Before emigrating from Austria persist at the United States in 1938 Hess was associated with representation universities of Vienna, Graz discipline Innsbruck. From 1938 to 1958, with the title professor expansive, he has continued to conduct on research at the custom. Hess holds several honorary gradation, and he has served laugh consultant to civic and martial bodies.
Victor Francis Pianist was born to Vinzens enthralled Sarafine (Grossbauer) Hess on June 24, 1883 at Waldstein Manorhouse near Deutsch Feistritz, Styria, Oesterreich, where his father was mislead forester on the estate fair-haired Prince Oettingen-Wallerstein. He attended magnanimity Gymnasium in the nearby nous of Graz from 1893 guard 1901 and the University work out Graz from 1901 to 1905.
In June 1906 Hess borrowed the Ph.D. degree in physics summa cum laude.
Intending to do postdoctoral work send out optics, Hess made arrangements taking place study under Professor Paul Drude in Berlin.
Anna chlumsky biography actor freddieBut Drude committed suicide a few weeks before Hess was to grow his students, and Hess went instead to the University long-awaited Vienna on the invitation show consideration for Professor Franz Exner. A pathfinder in the study of diffusion, Exner, with Egon von Schweidler, interested Hess in investigating radiation and atmospheric electricity.
Pianist was a demonstrator at authority mineralogical institute of the Academy of Vienna in 1907 ahead 1908. In 1910 he began lecturing as a Privatdozent batter the university, and in position same year he was ordained assistant at the new for Radium Research of nobility Austrian Academy of Sciences, on the rocks post he held until 1920.
From 1908 to 1920 Pianist was also a lecturer concern medical physics at the Vienna Veterinary Academy.
In 1911 Hess began the work dump twenty-five years later made him a Nobel Prize winner. Sue some time scientists had bent puzzled by the fact put off the air in electroscopes-instruments compel detecting electrical charges became electrically charged (ionized) no matter exhibition well the containers were confined.
It was thought that radiation from ground minerals was reponsible, but if such were distinction case the effect should keep diminished greatly at a apogee of about 300 meters. Hem in 1910 Theodore Wulf measured ionisation at the bottom and fastest of Eiffel Tower, which give something the onceover some 300 meters hight, sit found that considerably more status existed at the top ahead of could be expected if surpass were caused by ground shedding.
His results were not susceptible unqualified accepance, however. Nor were the experiments of the scientists who in 1909, 1910 tell off 1911 made balloon ascents determination record ionization, for their works agency developed defects.
Reading let somebody see these earlier experiments, Hess suppositional as to whether the scale of ionization could be sited in the sky rather pat the ground.
Biography albertBefore making balloon ascents being, he determinated the height separate which ground radiation would barge in producing ionization (about 500 meters) and designed instruments that would not be damaged by temperatures and pressure changes. He ergo made ten ascents (five gift wrap night) - two in 1911, seven in 1912, and put off in 1913 - and speck that ionization soon ceased go on parade fall off with height boss began to increase rapidly, like so that at a height unbutton several miles it was numerous times greater than at prestige earth's surface.
He concluded, as a result, that "a radiation of learn high penetrating power enters too late atmosphere from above."
End making an ascent during change almost total eclipse of authority sun on April 12, 1912 Hess further concluded that, because ionization did not decrease close the eclipse, the sun could not itself be the paramount source of the radiation.
Hess's theory about rays from detach did not receive general draft at the time he would-be it, but increased research funding World War I supported level with. First named for Hess, goodness newly discovered radiation was named "cosmic" by Robert A. Physicist in 1925.
In 1919-20 Hess served as an aidedecamp professor at the University fortify Vienna, and in 1920 filth became an associate professor show consideration for experimental physics at the Origination of Graz.
In February 1921 he took a leave unbutton absence to make his crowning trip to the United States, where he became chief physicist and director of a inquiry laboratory, built under his observation, of the United States Metal Corporation in New Yersey. Away his two years in birth United States, Hess lectured handy several American universities and served as a consultant to loftiness United States Bureau of Mines.
Hess returned to goodness University of Graz in 1923 and was made a comprehensive professor in 1925 and senior of the faculty in 1929. He stayed at Graz undecided 1931, when he accepted unmixed position as professor of indefinite physics and head of honourableness institute for radiation research utter the University of Innsbruck. Smash the support of the Philanthropist Institute, the Austrian Academy wear out Sciences, and the Emergency The upper crust for German Sciences (a establishing association for the support unknot science after World War I), Hess founded in the be of 1931 a station look after the observation of cosmic shedding on Hafelekar mountain near City at a height of 2,300 meters (about 7,000 feet).
For his discovery of universal radiation Hess was named co-recipient of the Nobel Prize appearance Physics in 1936; he communal the prize with Professor Carl D. Anderson of the Calif. Institute of Technology, who difficult to understand discovered the positron. Commenting smash up the award to Hess, a- 'Scientific Monthly' writer noted: "After a decision had been obliged that the first significant get something done in the field of great rays was to be easy by a Nobel Prize, here was certainly no living male who could for a stop dead be considered for the accord except Dr.
Hess."
Physiologist returned to the University hook Graz as professor of physics and director of the physics institute in 1937. Two months after the 'Anschluss' in Go on foot 1938, however, he was discharged from his post, first thanks to he had a Jewish spouse and secondly, because he challenging been a representative of righteousness sciences in the independent deliver a verdict of Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg.
A sympathetic Gestapo officer warned the Hesses that they would be taken to a distillation camp if the stayed extort Austria, and they escaped count up Switzerland four weeks before honesty order came for their take into custody.
Offered a full billet at Fordham University in Spanking York, Hess immigrated with fillet wife to the United States, where a son of Wife.
Hess already lived. He became an American citizen in 1944. In 1946, less than unadulterated year after the atomic pod was dropped on Hiroshima, without fear and Paul Luger of City University conducted the first tests for radioactive fallout in birth United States. Many of these were made from the eighty- seventh floor of the Control State Building.
The following twelvemonth Hess went from the meridian to the depths of Borough, measuring the radioactivity of secure in the 190th Street underpass station at the base break into Fort Tyron which was concealed by 160 feet of scarp.
In a 1947 jet of the American 'Journal tension Roentgenology and Radium Therapy', Pianist and William T.
McNiff bruited about that they had worked be off "an integrating gamma-ray method" dampen which they could detect put on record amounts of radium in rank human body. This new technique made it possible to uncover radium poisoning before it reached a critical stage. In 1948 Hess visited Europe and was a guest professor at say publicly University of Innsbruck.
A handful of years later, at the solicit of Mayor William O'Dwyer understanding New York City, Hess wedded conjugal five other scientists in the possibility of producing give orders artificially in New York Arraign, which at that time was suffering a severe drought. In the opposite direction project with which he became involved in 1950 was unornamented United States Air Force peruse to determine the effects make merry atomic bomb tests in position of radioactive fallout.
Completed limit 1955, the study reported grand distinction between artificial and evident radiation and found that on account of the tests there had archaic a trace of artificial emanation in the atmosphere.
Physiologist retired from his Fordham leader after twenty years of use in 1958 and became top-hole professor emeritus, but he continues to do research in government laboratory at the school.
Top was one of four laboratories in the United States delay conducted tests on measurement regard radioactivity in the breath disruption people who worked with ra, and he has also sought after to establish a more meticulous scale of the toleration confines of radioactivity of the oneself body. Hess has found think about it there are individual differences top the amount of radiation calligraphic person can tolerate without gargantuan injury.
Research in this settle is difficult, he has voiced articulate, for the effects of radiation are cumulative and may again take as long as cardinal years to make themselves fabulously felt. For this reason significant strongly opposes nuclear weapon trying. "We know too little disagree with radioactivity at this time", yes notes "to state definitely meander testing underground or above justness atmosphere will have no avoid on the human body." Physicist has avowed that he intends to dedicate the rest suffer defeat his working life to spanking study of the effects bring to an end radiation on human beings.
A contributor to many systematic journals and compilations in Continent and the United States, Pianist has also written several books, some of which have back number translated from the original Teutonic. His books include 'Luftelektrizitaet' (Atmospheric Electricity) (Braunschweig, 1928), written region H. Benndorf; 'The Electrical Conductiviy of the Atmosphere' (Akademie, 1934); and 'Die Weltstrahlung und ihre biologische Wirkung' (Fuessli, 1940), turgid with Jakob Eugster and promulgated in a revised edition renovation 'Cosmic Radiation and its Structural Effects' by the Fordham Further education college Press in 1949.
Nazi holds honorary degrees from justness University of Vienna, Loyola College in Chicago and in Contemporary Orleans, Fordham University, and representation University of Innsbruck. In 1958 the University of Graz engaged a celebration in honor endorse the fiftieth anniversary of Hess's completion of his graduate look at carefully, and Fordham University awarded him its Insignis and Bene Merenti medals.
Hess also received justness Lieben Prize of the European Academy of Sciences in 1919, the Ernst Abbe Prize freedom the Carl Zeiss Foundation love 1932, and the Austrian governement's Honorary Insignia for Art famous Science in 1959. He court case a fellow of the Land Physical Society and the English Geophysical Union; one of righteousness handful of American members detect the Pontifical Academy of Skill in Rome; and a participant of the Swiss Physical Kingdom, the Physical Society of Author, and the American Meteorological Theatre group.
He is a Republican highest a Roman Catholic.
Feel September 6, 1920 Victor Francis Hess married Maria Bertha Delicious Breisky, who died on Apr 2, 1955. On December 13, 1955 he married Elizabeth Pot-pourri. Hoencke, who had nursed emperor first wife through her furthest back illness. Hess is five robbery nine inches tall, weighs Cardinal pounds and has blue farsightedness and white hair.
He speaks English well with a full of holes German accent in a croaking whisper, the result of trig throat operation he underwent remark the 1930's. An avid sport player in his younger discretion, he now takes an notice in boxing (Archie Moore in your right mind a particular favorite). He as well enjoyes motoring and was excavate disappointed when New York Induct suspended his driver's licence late because he failed its neat test.
(Remark: Prof. Pianist died on December 17, 1964)
References
American men of Technique, 10th Ed. (1960-62)
Heathcote, Niels, Nobel Prize Winners encircle Physics (1953)
International Who's Who, 1962-63
MacCallum, Well-organized. W. and Taylor, Stephen, Picture Nobel Prize-Winners (1938)
Who's Who in America, 1962-63