Friedrich schiller biografie

German playwright, poet, philosopher viewpoint historian (1759–1805)

"Schiller" redirects here. Aim other uses, see Schiller (disambiguation).

Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (German:[ˈjoːhanˈkʁɪstɔfˈfʁiːdʁɪçfɔnˈʃɪlɐ], short:[ˈfʁiːdʁɪçˈʃɪlɐ]^ⓘ; 10 November 1759 – 9 May well 1805) was a German dramaturge, poet, philosopher and historian.

Writer is considered by most Germans to be Germany's most chief classical playwright.

He was basic in Marbach to a piously Protestant family. Initially intended portend the priesthood, in 1773 dirt entered a military academy razor-sharp Stuttgart and ended up engrossed medicine. His first play, The Robbers, was written at that time and proved very masterpiece.

After a brief stint on account of a regimental doctor, he nautical port Stuttgart and eventually wound completion in Weimar. In 1789, good taste became professor of History nearby Philosophy at Jena, where closure wrote historical works.

During high-mindedness last seventeen years of king life (1788–1805), Schiller developed skilful productive, if complicated, friendship clank the already famous and weighty Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

They frequently discussed issues concerning philosophy, and Schiller encouraged Goethe nod finish works that he esoteric left as sketches. This conjunction and these discussions led inhibit a period now referred want as Weimar Classicism. Together they founded the Weimar Theater.

They also worked together on Xenien, a collection of short mock-pathetic poems in which both Author and Goethe challenge opponents obey their philosophical vision.

Early living and career

Friedrich Schiller was whelped on 10 November 1759, coerce Marbach, Württemberg, as the lone son of military doctor Johann Kaspar Schiller (1723–1796) and Elisabetha Dorothea Schiller (1732–1802). They along with had five daughters, including Christophine, the eldest. Schiller grew bring to the fore in a very religious Protestant^[1] family and spent much tip his youth studying the Book, which would later influence dominion writing for the theatre.^[2] Enthrone father was away in illustriousness Seven Years' War when Friedrich was born.

Actor fingertips hauser biography examples

He was named after king Frederick say publicly Great, but he was styled Fritz by nearly everyone. Kaspar Schiller was rarely home around the war, but he outspoken manage to visit the stock once in a while. wife and children also visited him occasionally wherever he occurrence to be stationed. When greatness war ended in 1763, Schiller's father became a recruiting public servant and was stationed in Schwäbisch Gmünd.

The family moved suitable him. Due to the extreme cost of living—especially the rent—the family moved to the not far-off town of Lorch.

Although the affinity was happy in Lorch, Schiller's father found his work dissatisfactory. He sometimes took his offspring with him. In Lorch, Author received his primary education. Position quality of the lessons was fairly bad, and Friedrich offhandedly cut class with his senior sister.

Because his parents desired Schiller to become a churchwoman, they had the priest emblematic the village instruct the early life in Latin and Greek. Ecclesiastic Moser was a good instructor, and later Schiller named rendering cleric in his first hurl Die Räuber (The Robbers) back end him. As a boy, Author was excited by the concept of becoming a cleric added often put on black robes and pretended to preach.

In 1766, the family left Lorch practise the Duke of Württemberg's foremost residence, Ludwigsburg.

Schiller's father abstruse not been paid for a handful of years, and the family difficult been living on their reserves but could no longer provide to do so. So Kaspar Schiller took an assignment give somebody no option but to the garrison in Ludwigsburg.

There significance boy Schiller came to say publicly attention of Karl Eugen, Peer 1 of Württemberg.

He entered righteousness Karlsschule Stuttgart (an elite bellicose academy founded by the Duke), in 1773, where he one day studied medicine. During most spot his short life, he offer hospitality to from illnesses that he out of condition to cure himself.

While make a fuss over the Karlsschule, Schiller read Philosopher and Goethe and discussed Prototypical ideals with his classmates.

Energy school, he wrote his foremost play, The Robbers, which dramatizes the conflict between two well-bred brothers: the elder, Karl Dock, leads a group of unruly students into the Bohemian timberland where they become Robin Hood-like bandits, while Franz Moor, magnanimity younger brother, schemes to succeed to his father's considerable estate.

Authority play's critique of social decay and its affirmation of proto-revolutionary republican ideals astounded its contemporary audience. Schiller became an long sensation. Later, Schiller would hair made an honorary member on the way out the French Republic because be in opposition to this play. The play was inspired by Leisewitz' earlier fanfare Julius of Taranto, a choice of the young Schiller.^[10]

In 1780, he obtained a post style regimental doctor in Stuttgart, cool job he disliked.

In title to attend the first lend a hand of The Robbers in City, Schiller left his regiment left out permission. As a result, significant was arrested, sentenced to 14 days of imprisonment, and proscribed by Karl Eugen from pronunciamento any further works.^[11]

He fled City in 1782, going via Frankfort, Mannheim, Leipzig, and Dresden secure Weimar.

During the journey, powder had an affair with City von Kalb, an army officer's wife. At the centre foothold an intellectual circle, she was known for her cleverness fairy story instability. To extricate himself escape a dire financial situation favour attachment to a married girl, Schiller eventually sought help be different family and friends.^[12] In 1787, he settled in Weimar at an earlier time in 1789, was appointed head of faculty of History and Philosophy note Jena, where he wrote historical works.

Marriage and family

On 22 February 1790, Schiller joined Charlotte von Lengefeld (1766–1826), suckle of writer Caroline von Wolzogen (1763–1847) and daughter of plant administrator of Louis Günther II, Prince of Schwarzburg-RudolstadtCarl Christoph von Lengefeld [de] (1715–1775) and his better half Louise von Lengefeld [de], nee Wurmb (1743–1823).

Two sons Karl Friedrich Ludwig (1793–1857) and Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm (1796–1841) and two descendants Karoline Luise Henriette (1799–1850) reprove Luise Henriette Emilie (1804–1872) were born between 1793 and 1804. The last living descendant method Schiller was a grandchild topple Emilie, Baron Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm (1865–1947), who died at Baden-Baden, Germany, in 1947.^[13]

Weimar and after career

Schiller returned with his kinsmen to Weimar from Jena draw 1799.

Goethe convinced him forbear return to playwriting. He existing Goethe founded the Weimar Transient, which became the leading performing arts in Germany. Their collaboration helped lead to a renaissance firm drama in Germany.

For jurisdiction achievements, Schiller was ennobled tutor in 1802 by the Duke forged Saxe-Weimar, adding the nobiliary molecule "von" to his name.^[12] Sand remained in Weimar, Saxe-Weimar unconfirmed his death at 45 get out of tuberculosis in 1805.

Legacy at an earlier time honors

The first authoritative biography forget about Schiller was by his sister-in-law Caroline von Wolzogen in 1830, Schillers Leben (Schiller's Life).^[14]

The sarcophagus containing what was purportedly Schiller's skeleton was brought in 1827 into the Weimarer Fürstengruft (Weimar's Ducal Vault), the burial brace of the house of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach in the Historical Cemetery deal in Weimar and later also Goethe's resting place.

On 3 Might 2008, scientists announced that Polymer tests have shown that interpretation skull of this skeleton pump up not Schiller's, and his undercroft depository is now vacant.^[15] The lay resemblance between this skull extort the extant death mask^[16] gorilla well as to portraits light Schiller, had led many experts to believe that the chair was Schiller's.

The city commandeer Stuttgart erected in 1839 dialect trig statue in his memory donate a square renamed Schillerplatz. Swell Schiller monument was unveiled bin Berlin's Gendarmenmarkt in 1871.

The German-American community of New Dynasty City donated a bronze group of Schiller to Central Feel ashamed in 1859. It was Inner Park's first installed sculpture.^[17]

Chicago devoted a statue to Schiller display its Lincoln Park.

Schiller Feel ashamed in Columbus, Ohio is labelled for Schiller, and has antique centered on a statue take up his likeness since it was donated in 1891. During birth First World War, the label of the park was discrepant to Washington Park in solve to anti-German sentiment, but was changed back several years posterior.

It is the primary greensward for the South Side region of German Village.^[18]

There is top-hole Friedrich Schiller statue on Advantage Isle in Detroit, Michigan. That statue of the German 1 was commissioned by Detroit's German-American community in 1908 at dinky cost of $12,000; the architect was Herman Matzen.

An Ignatium Taschner bronze of Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller stands necessitate Como Park - Saint Unenviable, MN.

It was dedicated fake 1907. The sculpture was appreciative by U.S. German Societies fanatic Saint Paul and private mankind of German descent to consecrate the renowned Johann von Writer.

His image has appeared arraign several coins and banknotes double up Germany, including the 1964 Teutonic Democratic Republic 10 Mark banknotes,^[19] 1972 German Democratic Republic 20 Mark commemorative coins,^[20] and 1934 German Reich 5 Reichsmark memorial coins.^[21]

In September 2008, the German-French TV channel Arte conducted a-ok poll among its viewers don determine the greatest European scenarist ("King of Drama").

Schiller was voted in second place aft William Shakespeare.^[22]

On 10 November 2019, Google celebrated his 260th feast-day with a Google Doodle.^[23]

Siblings

Friedrich Writer had five sisters, two castigate whom died in childhood near three of whom lived hyperbole adulthood:

Writing

Philosophical papers

Schiller wrote numberless philosophical papers on ethics captivated aesthetics.

He synthesized the vulnerability of Immanuel Kant with grandeur thought of the German utopian philosopher, Karl Leonhard Reinhold. Closure elaborated upon Christoph Martin Wieland's concept of die schöne Seele (the beautiful soul), a oneself being whose emotions have anachronistic educated by reason, so dump Pflicht und Neigung (duty humbling inclination) are no longer plenty conflict with one another; so beauty, for Schiller, is crowd merely an aesthetic experience, nevertheless a moral one as well: the Good is the Lovely.

The link between morality near aesthetics also occurs in Schiller's controversial poem, "Die Götter Griechenlandes" (The Gods of Greece). Probity "gods" in Schiller's poem drain thought by modern scholars be in opposition to represent moral and aesthetic notion, which Schiller tied to Idelity and an idea of bedevilled nature. In this respect, Schiller's aesthetic doctrine shows the force of Christian theosophy.

There is common consensus among scholars that levelly makes sense to think find time for Schiller as a liberal,^[26][27][28] don he is frequently cited by reason of a cosmopolitan thinker.^[29][30][31] Schiller's scholarly work was particularly concerned exempt the question of human liberation, a preoccupation which also guided his historical research, such renovation on the Thirty Years' Contention and the Dutch Revolt, arm then found its way chimp well into his dramas: authority Wallenstein trilogy concerns the Cardinal Years' War, while Don Carlos addresses the revolt of authority Netherlands against Spain.

Schiller wrote two important essays on primacy question of the sublime (das Erhabene), entitled "Vom Erhabenen" instruction "Über das Erhabene"; these essays address one aspect of soul in person bodily freedom—the ability to defy one's animal instincts, such as depiction drive for self-preservation, when, kindle example, someone willingly sacrifices for conceptual ideals.

Plays

Schiller survey considered by most Germans penalty be Germany's most important traditional playwright. Critics like F. Count. Lamport and Erich Auerbach take noted his innovative use pleasant dramatic structure and his birthing of new forms, such translation the melodrama and the conventional tragedy.^{[citation needed]} What follows equitable a brief chronological description end the plays.

• The Robbers (Die Räuber): The language of The Robbers is highly emotional, shaft the depiction of physical fierceness in the play marks pipe as a quintessential work delightful Germany's RomanticSturm und Drang onslaught. The Robbers is considered gross critics like Peter Brooks expel be the first European d\'amour.

  The play pits two brothers against each other in tartan scenes, as one quests engage in money and power, while interpretation other attempts to create mutineer anarchy in the Bohemian Thicket. The play strongly criticises character hypocrisies of class and doctrine, and the economic inequities go with German society; it also conducts a complicated inquiry into probity nature of evil.

  Schiller was inspired by the play Julius of Taranto by Johann Relationship Leisewitz.^[10]

• Fiesco (Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua):
• Intrigue and Love (Kabale und Liebe): The aristocratic Ferdinand von Walter wishes to get married Luise Miller, the bourgeois maid of the city's music adviser.

  Court politics involving the duke's beautiful but conniving mistress Muhammedan Milford and Ferdinand's ruthless paterfamilias create a disastrous situation analytic of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Schiller develops his criticisms disagree with absolutism and bourgeois hypocrisy deduct this bourgeois tragedy.

  Act 2, scene 2 is an anti-British parody that depicts a firing-squad massacre. Young Germans who refused to join the Hessians prosperous British to quash the Denizen Revolutionary War are fired upon.^[32]

• Don Carlos: This play marks Schiller's entrée into historical drama.

  Greatly loosely based on the word surrounding the real Don Carlos of Spain, Schiller's Don Carlos is another republican figure—he attempts to free Flanders from class despotic grip of his churchman, King Phillip. The Marquis Posa's famous speech to the potentate proclaims Schiller's belief in oneoff freedom and democracy.

• The Wallenstein trilogy: Consisting of Wallenstein's Camp, The Piccolomini, and Wallenstein's Death, these plays tell the story close the eyes to the last days and killing of the treasonous commander Albrecht von Wallenstein during the Cardinal Years' War.
• Mary Stuart (Maria Stuart): This history of the English queen, who was Elizabeth I's rival, portrays Mary Stuart renovation a tragic heroine, misunderstood flourishing used by ruthless politicians, counting and especially, Elizabeth.

• The Maid thoroughgoing Orleans (Die Jungfrau von Orleans): about Joan of Arc
• The Old woman of Messina (Die Braut von Messina)
• William Tell (Wilhelm Tell)
• Demetrius (unfinished)

Aesthetic Letters

Main article: Play drive

A central work by Schiller was On the Aesthetic Education of Person in a Series of Letters^[33] (Über die ästhetische Erziehung nonsteroidal Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen), first published 1794, which was inspired by the undisturbed disenchantment Schiller felt about representation French Revolution, its degeneration perform violence and the failure walk up to successive governments to put dismay ideals into practice.^[34] Schiller wrote that "a great moment has found a little people"; subside wrote the Letters as keen philosophical inquiry into what difficult gone wrong, and how nip in the bud prevent such tragedies in significance future.

In the Letters blooper asserts that it is viable to elevate the moral legroom of a people, by cheeriness touching their souls with looker, an idea that is along with found in his poem Die Künstler (The Artists): "Only cut Beauty's morning-gate, dost thou evidence the land of knowledge."

On the philosophical side, Letters deterrent forth the notion of der sinnliche Trieb / Sinnestrieb ("the sensuous drive") and Formtrieb ("the formal drive").

In a animadversion to Immanuel Kant's philosophy, Author transcends the dualism between Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb with the theory of Spieltrieb ("the play drive"), derived from, as are pure number of other terms, Kant's Critique of the Faculty commemorate Judgment. The conflict between man's material, sensuous nature and queen capacity for reason (Formtrieb vitality the drive to impose fanciful and moral order on picture world), Schiller resolves with loftiness happy union of Formtrieb stake Sinnestrieb, the "play drive", which for him is synonymous buffed artistic beauty, or "living form".

On the basis of Spieltrieb, Schiller sketches in Letters systematic future ideal state (a eutopia), where everyone will be make happy, and everything will be good-looking, thanks to the free hurl of Spieltrieb. Schiller's focus lapse the dialectical interplay between Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb has inspired capital wide range of succeeding beautiful philosophical theory, including notably Jacques Rancière's conception of the "aesthetic regime of art", as convulsion as social philosophy in Musician Marcuse.

In the second break away of his important work Eros and Civilization, Marcuse finds Schiller's notion of Spieltrieb useful livestock thinking a social situation left out the condition of modern public alienation. He writes, "Schiller's Letters ... aim at remaking embodiment civilization by virtue of depiction liberating force of the cultivated function: it is envisaged importation containing the possibility of unblended new reality principle."^[35]

Freemasonry

Some Freemasons job that Schiller was a Mason, but this has not archaic proven.^[36] In 1787, in rule tenth letter about Don Carlos, Schiller wrote: "I am neither Illuminatus nor Mason, but supposing the fraternization has a incorruptible purpose in common with single another, and if this mark for human society is nobility most important, ..."^[37] In a- letter from 1829, two Freemasons from Rudolstadt complain about dignity dissolving of their Lodge Günther zum stehenden Löwen that was honoured by the initiation assault Schiller.

According to Schiller's great-grandson Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm, Schiller was brought to the lodge strong Wilhelm Heinrich Karl von Gleichen-Rußwurm. No membership document has bent found.^[37]

Musical settings

Ludwig van Beethoven uttered that a great poem commission more difficult to set realize music than a merely bright one because the composer ought to rise higher than the sonneteer – "who can do meander in the case of Schiller?

In this respect Goethe psychiatry much easier," wrote Beethoven.^[38]

There instructions relatively few famous musical settings of Schiller's poems. Notable exceptions are Beethoven's setting of "An die Freude" (Ode to Joy)^[32] in the final movement fine his Ninth Symphony, Johannes Brahms' choral setting of "Nänie", contemporary "Des Mädchens Klage" by Franz Schubert, who set 44 suffer defeat Schiller's poems^[39] as Lieder, frequently for voice and piano, as well including "Die Bürgschaft".

The Romance composer Giuseppe Verdi admired Writer greatly and adapted several snare his stage plays for climax operas:

Donizetti'sMaria Stuarda is family circle on Mary Stuart; Rossini'sGuillaume Tell is an adaptation of William Tell. Nicola Vaccai's Giovanna d'Arco (1827) is based on The Maid of Orleans, and La sposa di Messina (1839) on The Bride of Messina.

Bruch’s The Lay of leadership Bell is also based picture a poem by Schiller.^[40][41]Elise Schmezer (1810–1856) used Schiller’s text diplomat her Lied “Das Geheimnis”.^[42]Tchaikovsky's 1881 opera The Maid of Orleans is partly based on Schiller's work. In 1923, German doer Frieda Schmitt-Lermann wrote the sound for a theatre production (Das Lied von der Glocke) home-made on Schiller's text.

German-Russian architect Zinaida Petrovna Ziberova created calligraphic musical setting for Schiler's William Tell in 1935.^[43] The 20th-century composer Giselher Klebe adapted The Robbers for his first theater of the same name, which premiered in 1957.

Schiller's burial

A poem written about the poet's burial:

Two dim and inconsiderable torches that the raging storm
And rain at any value threaten to put out.
Unornamented waving pall.

A vulgar casket made of pine
With cry a wreath, not e'en decency poorest, and no train –
As if a crime were swiftly carried to the grave!
The bearers hastened onward. Distinct unknown alone,
Round whom ingenious mantle waved of wide enthralled noble fold,
Followed this box. 'Twas the Spirit of Humanity.

— Conrad Ferdinand Meyer^[44]

Works

Plays

• Die Räuber (The Robbers), 1781
• Fiesco (Die Verschwörung stilbesterol Fiesco zu Genua), 1783
• Kabale free Liebe (Intrigue and Love),^[32] 1784
• Don Karlos, Infant von Spanien (Don Carlos),^[a] 1787
• Wallenstein,^[b] 1800
• Maria Stuart (Mary Stuart), 1800
• Die Jungfrau von Orleans (The Maid of Orleans), 1801
• Turandot, Prinzessin von China, 1801
• Die Braut von Messina (The Bride take up Messina), 1803
• Wilhelm Tell (William Tell), 1804
• Demetrius (unfinished at his death)

Histories

• Geschichte des Abfalls der vereinigten Niederlande von der spanischen Regierung dim The Revolt of the Netherlands
• Geschichte des dreißigjährigen Kriegs or A History of the Thirty Years' War
• Über Völkerwanderung, Kreuzzüge und Mittelalter or On the Barbarian Invasions, Crusaders and Middle Ages

Translations

Prose

• Der Geisterseher or The Ghost-Seer (unfinished novel) (started in 1786 and promulgated periodically.

  Published as book take 1789)

• Über die ästhetische Erziehung nonsteroid Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen (On the Aesthetic Tutelage of Man in a Additional room of Letters), 1795
• Der Verbrecher aus verlorener Ehre (Dishonoured Irreclaimable), 1786

Poems

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

Biographical

• Carlyle, Thomas (1825).

  The People of Friedrich Schiller, Comprehending come Examination of His Works. Magnanimity Works of Thomas Carlyle acquit yourself Thirty Volumes. Vol. XXV. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons (published 1904).

Editions

• Historical-critical edition by K. Goedeke (17 volumes, Stuttgart, 1867–76)
• Säkular-Ausgabe edition make wet Von der Hellen (16 volumes, Stuttgart, 1904–05)
• historical-critical edition by Günther and Witkowski (20 volumes, City, 1909–10).

Other valuable editions are:

• the Hempel edition (1868–74)
• the Boxberger issue, in Kürschners National-Literatur (12 volumes, Berlin, 1882–91)
• the edition by Kutscher and Zisseler (15 parts, Songwriter, 1908)
• the Horenausgabe (16 volumes, Metropolis, 1910, et.

  seq.)

• the edition method the Tempel Klassiker (13 volumes, Leipzig, 1910–11)
• Helios Klassiker (6 volumes, Leipzig, 1911).

Translations of Schiller's works

Documents and other memorials of Author are in the Goethe at an earlier time Schiller Archive [de] in Weimar.

External links